ETH Zurich research reveals well-planned dense neighborhoods with strategic green spaces can be cooler than sprawling developments, reshaping urban planning approaches.
"Densely built-up neighbourhoods with well-placed greenery and lots of trees – as in some areas of Geneva – can be more pleasant than open but less shady and poorly ventilated settlements such as Schönberg in Freiburg."
"The problem is not density itself, but how we organise it."
A groundbreaking study from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) is challenging a long-held belief in urban planning: that dense construction inevitably makes cities hotter. Research led by Professor Jan Carmeliet reveals that the strategic design of neighborhoods, rather than their density, is the critical factor in mitigating urban heat. This new perspective suggests that well-planned, dense urban areas with integrated green spaces can be significantly cooler than sprawling, open developments, offering a new path forward for sustainable urbanism in Switzerland and beyond.
For decades, urban planners, authorities, and researchers have operated under the assumption that densification is a direct cause of rising city temperatures. This belief is rooted in past experiences where densification meant sacrificing green spaces for more housing, leading to reduced thermal comfort and increased heat stress. Professor Carmeliet notes, 'In the past, densification too often meant more living space at the expense of green space.' This trade-off created a widespread conviction that to cool cities, we must reduce density. Carmeliet, however, believes this is a fundamental misunderstanding. 'I myself conduct research on heat reduction in cities and I think this assumption is wrong,' he states, setting the stage for a paradigm shift.
The core of the ETH Zurich research is that 'the problem is not density itself, but how we organise it.' Thermal comfort, the study explains, is a result of the interplay between three key elements: shade provided by both buildings and trees, natural ventilation, and the cooling effect of vegetation. A dense neighborhood that masterfully integrates these elements can outperform a low-density one that fails to. Carmeliet offers a concrete Swiss example: 'Densely built-up neighbourhoods with well-placed greenery and lots of trees – as in some areas of Geneva – can be more pleasant than open but less shady and poorly ventilated settlements such as Schönberg in Freiburg.' This requires an integrated, neighborhood-specific approach that considers local climate, space, and resources.
These findings are supported by the SWICE project, a research initiative sponsored by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE). The project specifically analyzed the heat load in neighborhoods of Geneva and Fribourg to model how different greening and densification strategies affect resident comfort. A key feature of the project is its collaborative nature, utilizing six 'Living Labs' where researchers work hand-in-hand with residents, authorities, property managers, and urban planners. This practical, cooperative approach aims to develop and test effective, real-world strategies to combat urban heat, tailored to the unique conditions of each community.
As Switzerland grapples with the need to conserve scarce land, densification remains a necessity. The research from ETH Zurich provides a vital roadmap for how to pursue this without sacrificing quality of life. The study argues that densification, when done correctly, is not a step backward but a crucial tool for building a sustainable future. As Professor Carmeliet concludes, 'If we build cities that not only offer more living space, but also more shade, air, green space and nature, then densification is not a step backwards, but a sensible key to a climate-resilient future.' This vision redefines urban development, aligning the need for housing with the urgent goal of creating cooler, more livable cities.